ECOLOGICAL BURDEN OF LARGE CITIES AND HYGIENIC CHANGES IN BIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF URBAN POPULATIONS
Keywords:
Urban Ecology, Biological Markers, Hygienic Indicators, Ecological Burden, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Air Pollution, Urban Health, Biomonitoring.Abstract
The rapid expansion of large urban centers has heightened ecological pressures that significantly influence the biological markers of exposed populations, creating complex hygienic challenges that affect public health at molecular, physiological, and systemic levels. As urban environments experience intensified anthropogenic activities, including industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, waste accumulation, reduced green spaces, and altered microclimates, residents are increasingly exposed to pollutants, toxicants, bioaerosols, noise, and psychosocial stressors, all of which contribute to measurable changes in biological markers associated with hygiene, inflammation, oxidative stress, immune function, endocrine regulation, and metabolic balance.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
