THE ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION AND NATIONAL DISTINCTIVENESS OF HUMAN–NATURE–SOCIETY RELATIONS IN THE WORKS OF THOMAS HARDY AND XURSHID DUSTMUHAMMAD
Keywords:
Thomas Hardy, Xurshid Dustmuhammad, human, nature, society, national distinctiveness, artistic interpretation, Wessex, landscape, symbolism, comparative literature, ecocriticism.Abstract
This article examines the artistic interpretation and national distinctiveness of human–nature–society relations in the works of Thomas Hardy and Xurshid Dustmuhammad. The research compares Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles, The Return of the Native and Far from the Madding Crowd with Dustmuhammad’s Chayongul, Bozor, Jajman and selected prose. Comparative-typological, hermeneutic, close-reading and ecocritical approaches are employed. The analysis demonstrates that both writers construct the human being within a dynamic triangle of natural environment, social order and individual consciousness, yet the artistic realization of this triangle reflects different national-cultural traditions. Hardy’s Wessex is shaped by Victorian rural life, agricultural temporality, class hierarchy, gender conventions and the tension between traditional communities and modernization. In both authors, landscape and social environment participate in characterization, conflict and plot, but Hardy tends toward tragic environmental realism, whereas Dustmuhammad more often combines realism with symbolic, psychological and parabolic modes.
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